Universal Vortical Singularity enlightenment on the geometrical structure of an atom

The atomic models for atom were all mathematically inferred and quantum mechanics was cited as being paradoxical, is the main reason that the geometrical structure of an atom has been enigmatic. "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics." - Richard Feynman This has been the situation because there was no way to pry open or dissect atomic particles in forms; i.e. the geometrical structure of an atom.

The universal mechanism of singular vortex could be the mechanism for revolving electrons around the nucleus of an atom that is governed by electromagnetic forces (EMF). See also Bose-Einstein condensate on vortices, Vortex precession in Bose-Einstein condensates, Electron Ring Vortex Model by William F. Hamilton III and atomic models animation.

Newton's law of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is used to calculate the magnitude of electrical force between two charged bodies. Both are inverse-square laws, in which force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies. Also, seemingly random celestial bodies all have their own resonant frequencies in a self-perpetuating universe, in an EMF plasma cosmology of vortical universe that resembles a description of sub-atomic particles within an atom, as in Rutherford model as well as Bohr model and both are planetary models and believed to be governed by EMF. Charged particles can be levitated by electrostatic charges against gravity, as explained with levitated moon dust in Einstein's photoelectric effect, is a scientific evidence that gravity is EMF related. All these suggest that gravity is fundamentally an EMF origin. Gravity, centrifugal force, Coriolis force, including magnetic force and electromagnetic force (EMF) are different types of inertial force.

Diagram for inverse-square law (Intensity = 1/d²)	Galaxy cluster CL0024+17 Celestial bodies all have their own resonant frequencies in a self-perpetuating universe	Self-perpetuating singular vortex	Levitated charged particles in dust devil
		Bohr model of atom

* With credits to James Aaron Nicholson for his theory of Tiny Bits Part I on Gravity that has elaborated on gravity mechanism is a push effect instead of of pull effect. This excellent ingenious idea on gravity mulled for more than forty years has unfolded an important paradoxical effect in this fundamental force of nature. Based on the model of Universal Vortical Singularity, through a plasma cosmology concept of Hannes Alfvén, gravity is the consolidation of electroweak interaction repelled within those invisible flattened torus shape plasmatic spheroids; gravity is fundamentally an inertial force caused by electromagnetic force interactions of different wavelengths. All along gravity has been thought as a pulling inertial force as in attraction towards the core of a celestial spheroid or mass, as explained by the mainstream with Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Einstein Geometric Gravity though has described the behavior of gravity more entirely, is still fundamentally based on this same principle, and this is also similar for Einstein's General Relativity model for galactic gravity.

Torus shape spheroid

See an external link on solar system formation that illustrates the process of a supernova vortically forming into a disc shape planetary nebula, and eventually its charged entropies in the nucleus are consolidated as a star with orbiting planets. The vortical force dynamics are center seeking toward zero-points that follows the inverse-square law, vortically pushing and consolidating viscous matter inward to the cores, acting collectively on the most efficient spheroidal shape point masses that subsequently have consolidated as Sun and its planets, with conserved momentum transferred to the consolidate planets for rotating and revolving on orbits around the Sun; spheroidal orbiting objects are formed in stellar clouds that are vortically scattered by centrifugal force and then consolidation of this viscous matter in its vortical core-seeking force. These vortical core-seeking force is collectively formed by the leading arcs of eccentric harmonic vortices in the accretion disc around the main vortex in varying angular phase, these leading arc section of harmonic vortices drive viscous mass vortically toward the core; this is the underlying mechanism that causes the effect of gravity. See progressive vortical harmonic series of singular vortex.

Geometric top view of dual-core harmonic vortices in main vortex

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that orbiting objects are formed in vortically scattered stellar clouds by centrifugal force and consolidation of viscous matter by a vortical core-seeking force.

This coronagraph image of star Fomalhaut with its debris ring shown can illustrate the mechanism for planetary orbits as in angular momentum carried over to all the consolidated spheroids that were form from the stellar clouds, including new planets. The image with radial spokes of star Fomalhaut is a top view of a stellar jet with its vortrexes as the dust disks of the star in the background. The debris rings, also known as dust disks of star, are probably the vortrexes driven by plasma polar vortexes of the star.

Based on singular vortex mechanism, the glowing spokes radiating from star Fomalhaut are satellite plasma vortices in an accretion disk of its polar vortex, in this polar top view the electromagnetic force (EMF) dynamics of the satellite vortices are not radiating outward like it is purporting, it is in a vortical effect of being pushed towards the core into the vortex column by satellite vortices, in perpetual culmination of momentum vortically. The distinctly apparent outer rings are the vortexes that these are surface of the rarefied ion atmospheres compressed by plasmatic polar vortex of a star. The spokes are leading arcs of dilated huge harmonics vortices at different angular phase within the main plasmatic vortex that carries the satellite vortices, they radiate as glowing spokes in accretion disc on a slightly curved trajectory with culmination of momentum tunneling vortically in the vacuum of vortex column towards center of the plasmatic polar vortex; from the side view this would be the stellar jet. The glowing spokes appeared as radiating outwardly is a paradoxical effect; the ionized gas streams are vortically consolidated inwardly to the core.

Debris rings of star Fomalhaut with spokes

The Bubble-shaped Nebula NGC 6781 has glowing disc horizontally similar to the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc and the disc-shaped inner Oort cloud of Sun, the spherical glowing and enveloping gas shell of this nebula also seems to have similar pattern as the spherical outer Oort cloud. Oort cloud is a spherical cloud of comets believed to lie roughly 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun, and comet is known to be enveloped in a huge coma. Based on hypothesis of Universal Vortical Singularity, this glowing and enveloping gas shell is vortically formed in a precession effect, and this is a supportive evidence that gravity is compressing force pushing towards the core generated by the vortical core-seeking force of the wobbling polar vortex pair; an electroweak interaction in accretion discs of the intensely wobbling vortices.

Kuiper Belt and Oort cloud of Sun

NGC 6781 Bubble-shaped nebula

Based on singular vortex mechanism, the disc on plane of ecliptic of a star is flattened by its polar vortex pair, the vortex vertical to the plane of ecliptic is a spiral arm in a larger encompassing spheroid of viscous mass that has been vortically pushed away from an external large suspended mass (such as a larger near by star, or the Galactic center) by its cyclonical gravity field effect.

The electrostatic repelling force of electric charge spherically confined inside the huge magnetospheres of a star is enormously stronger in a different state of matter with the same principles in pressure dynamics of an air bubble freely suspended in atmosphere. Based on singular vortex mechanism, the powerful electrostatic repelling force within the spheroid is a vortical effect of electromagnetic vortex, in a push-in manner it consolidates viscous matter into spheroid with heavier matter occupying its inner core. Interplanetary gravity are the effects of interacting electromagnetic field of planets in their orbits pulling each other in a push manner to the core of the planets within a common encompassing electromagnetic field (plasmatic viscous mass) of their Sun. Although the inner core of Ring nebula have been vortically flattened into a disc shape by its polar vortexes pair, the inertia force of this flattened disc still has the potential of a spheroidal structure that results in vortical core-seeking force and causes the push-in effect of planetary gravity. The dwarf star in the middle of this nebula has not been completely overcome by the polar vortexes pair would have an oblate spheroidal shape. The invisible spheroidal viscous mass encompassing this diffused star in a glowing nebula would be much bigger. This push-in gravity concept in a bubble model is not very complex to understand but it is very paradoxical that is counterintuitive for direct comprehension.

The Ring nebula

For a freely suspended air bubble formed in atmospheric viscous mass with an outer skin of liquid, the repelling force of air pressure following an inverse-square law will push and consolidate those higher density air molecules inside the bubble toward the core. It can be qualitatively predicted in a simplified manner that in a steady state air bubble that contains carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen that have molecular weight of 44.01, 32.00 and 28.01 respectively, the heaviest carbon dioxide molecules will consolidate in cluster as a spheroid and occupy the inner core, oxygen molecules will overlay on the carbon dioxide spheroid and the lightest nitrogen molecules will overlay on the outermost layer inside the bubble. The air molecules are consistently pushed toward the core following the inverse-square law of air pressure with an inertial force repelled from the equipotential surface of the spherical air bubble that is formed under atmospheric pressure. Should the smaller bubble merges into the bigger bubble, the nitrogen molecules would be mixed in nitrogen layer of the larger bubble while the oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules would be pushed directly to the core and merges with their molecular clusters accordingly. If a bubble of nitrogen is introduced inside the carbon dioxide spheroid at a six o'clock position as shown, it would be pushed outward by the heavier density carbon dioxide molecules, relatively rising to the surface on a easiest path, paradoxically it would be observed to be moving in a vertical downward direction passing through the oxygen molecule layer and eventually merges into the nitrogen layer. This bubble model is just for analogy purposes, there are many details involved that need to be addressed, nevertheless, the primary focus of this study is on qualitative analysis on fundamental working principles of gravity as a push-in force towards a zero-point.

Diagram of a steady state suspended air bubble with a smaller bubble on outer skin

Based on this hypothesis, the fundamental mechanism of gravity, as how we are experiencing and thought of it as a pulling inertial force, is the vortical effect of EMF pushing matter to the core by compressing the suspended plasmatic spheroids (magnetospheres) in a center consolidating manner as repelling EMF following an inverse-square law acting on viscous matter.

The force dynamics of electromagnetic polar vortex in the invisible cosmic molecular spheroid (magnetosphere) of a star is comprehensible as the strong interaction of EMF culmination by the vortex column, and electroweak interaction is the force dynamics on accretion disk. Mass is merely the measurements for this inertial force as gravity in a relative manner of the electromagnetic pressure repelling inside the magnetospheres pushing matters toward a zero-point of the core by compression following an inverse-square law. Newton's theory of universal gravitation is still basically applicable under localized circumstances as an equilibrium working principle regardless to the fundamental of this inertia force has a pull or push effect towards the core acting on mass. Tesla's Dynamic Theory of Gravity explains the relation between gravitation and electromagnetic force as a unified field theory (a model over matter, the aether, and energy). See the mechanical explanations of gravitation relating to vortex dynamics.

Based on hypothesis of Universal Vortical Singularity, the magnetospheres of a planet is encompassed and compressed by the magnetospheres of its star, and the vortically consolidated molecular star clusters as galaxy formed in the accretion disc of the galactic vortex are encompassed and compressed by the magnetospheres of the galactic spheroid. In a paradigm the galactic spheroids are vortically consolidated as molecular clusters, apparently as galaxy clusters spiraling in a cosmic vortex they are encompassed and compressed by the magnetospheres of the cosmic spheroid; this is the fundamental cause for gravity. See the structure of a galaxy.

The outer plasmatic shell in a spheroidal shape with pressure equilibrium around the surface is a plasmatic energy spheroid, has powerful electrical repulsion force surrounding its equipotential surface. When star clusters are collected by vortical interaction in a galactic vortex, the stars collected in cluster are held together by the strong interaction of their electromagnetic vortices acting between stars in a molecular cohesion manner, pushed apart by surface tension of their plasmatic spheroids with powerful electrostatic repulsion between their surfaces that have same polarity of positive electrical charge.

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that strong interaction is the EMF culmination at the vortex column of a galactic electromagnetic vortex.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that gravity is the electromagnetic pressure repelling inside the magnetospheres pushing matters toward the core following an inverse-square law.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that stars in clusters are held together by the strong interaction of their electromagnetic vortex acting between stars.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that stars are held apart in their clusters by electrostatic repulsion of electric force between charges from their plasmatic spheroids.

Based on the hypothesis of Universal Vortical Singularity, and gravity is fundamentally an electromagnetic force interaction of different wavelengths, the atomic particles can therefore be subjected to cyclonic gravity field effect from Earth's rotation. The electromagnetic interactions would be differentially amplified enormously on the electron shells of atom, this would cause the mathematically inferred orbiting electrons on it to spin perpetually around its nucleus at millions of cycle per second. The electromagnetic structure of an atom, after vigorously excited by torque-induced precession in the electromagnetic interactions (see magnetohydrodynamics), would induce electromagnetic polar vortex pairs on electron shells where atomic orbitals are, would have a geometrical structure similar to how it was mathematically inferred; atomic electromagnetic polar vortexes pair.

Bohr model for structure of an atom

An electromagnetic polar vortexes pair at atomic level can relate the strong nuclear force as the vortical culmination of electromagnetic force by the vortex column, and the weak nuclear force as the force dynamics on the accretion disk of the atomic electromagnetic polar vortexes. Image on right is a planetary nebula NGC 6543, also known as the Cat's Eye nebula, is for illustration purpose. The small white dot in the middle is the star, after it has become diffused in a precession, an effect that wobbles the atmospheres with ionized particles into several glowing wobbling plasma polar vortex pairs, driven vortically in its invisible atmosphere layers have glowed as huge enveloping plasma shells in the vortical effect.

The Cat's Eye Nebula

Positron is known as the antimatter of the electron, it has an electric charge of +1, a half-integra spin, and has the same mass as an electron. Based on singular vortex mechanism, positron is caused by vortrex of the electron vortex, this is a reversed vortical culmination of EMF, its vortical force dynamics are inversely proportional to the EMF dynamics of its electron vortex. The EMF dynamics for the vortex column at the core of an electron vortex has a pull-in effect, the vortical column of positron is an EMF vortrex that has an energy equivalence in a push-out effect with conservation of EMF driven by the electron vortex. This is likened to the force dynamics of a dust devil, as the analogue electron is similar to the vortical culminated momentum of clear air vortex pushing downward into the center in a consolidating manner, and positron is similar to the upward vortical column of dust devil, has equal energy vortical dynamics of the electron vortex that distributes the culminated momentum in a reversed pushing outward from the center in a dilating manner, all these force interactions are governed by the inverse-square laws in the dynamics for distribution of conserved energy. See dust and gas tails of comet that has also illustrated these two complimentary equal opposite aspects of vortical force dynamics.

Dust devil

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that positron is an atomic particle vortrex of an electron vortex.

The shell of the magnetosphere is a pause layer of consolidated plasmatic viscous mass that separates the different layers of plasmatic viscous mass, encompassing the boundary of a lower layer plasmatic viscous mass with a diamagnetic effect repelling the two viscous mass layers, therefore consolidates as a shell encasing the boundary of a magnetosphere. This is similar to the pause layers in the gaseous atmospheres of Earth.

Electron shells could be formed by vortical EMF interactions of subatomic matter through a mechanism similar to Torofluxus, these vortical EMF interactions weave the subatomic matter as electron shells through perpetual motion in high speed spins that repels externally, is probably stabilized as an electrostatic spheroid with a quite flattened torus shape structure that has several electrostatic shell layers. See magnetospheres of Earth that is formed in multiple shell layers of torus shape electromagnetic spheroids probably caused by vortical EMF interactions of varying wavelengths.

Spinning Torofluxus Watch video clip

Torus shape structure

Magnetospheres

Electron cloud has wavefunction described by Richard Feynman as a small cloud moving around the molecular nucleus, yet compact enough to be considered a particle on certain length-scales; this is the silhouette of the electron vortex. Therefore, composition of an electron is neither particles nor waves, it is a vortical void caused by EMF interactions on subatomic particles, the misconception is as a result a complexly inversed illusion caused by the paradoxical effect of Universal Vortical Singularity. The number of electrons in electron shells (expressed in 2n², where n is the electron shell number) of atom also follows the inverse-square law of EMF. In atomic physics, the magnetic dipole moment of an electron is caused by its intrinsic property of spin within a magnetic field, as described in electron magnetic dipole moment. Electron cloud model is one of the unsolved mysteries of physics.

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that gravity is fundamentally electromagnetic forces of different wavelengths. With credits to James Aaron Nicholson.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that gravity is an inertial force pushing inwards to a zero-point of the suspended viscous mass in a core-seeking manner by compression.  Initially predicted with Tiny Bits Part I on Gravity.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that the geometrical structure of an atom is electromagnetic polar vortex pairs driven by cyclonical gravity field effect in a precession.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electron shells are pause layers of equipotential surfaces of electrostatic spheroids with different electrical energy levels.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that strong nuclear force is the vortical culmination of EMF by the vortex column of an electromagnetic vortex at atomic level.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that weak nuclear force is the force dynamics on the accretion disk of the electromagnetic vortex at atomic level.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electron is the force interactions of an EMF vortex on the vortexes of an atom.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electrons in atomic matters levitated on the plasmatic surfaces of electron shells are held by the strong nuclear force. 
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electrons spin perpetually around its nucleus in its atomic orbitals on accretion disk is driven by the weak nuclear force.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electrons are excited plasmoids in voids of electromagnetic satellite vortices at atomic level on surface of electron shells.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that electron has a vortex form with sub-orbitals in a subatomic particles scenario.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that a quark is a subatomic electromagnetic vortex of vortexes. With credit to Allen Barrow.

The geometrical structure of matters in the universe from atomic scale to cosmic scale can also be comprehensively explained in a single model based on Universal Vortical Singularity, it is fundamentally amalgamating cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, classical physics and quantum physics, universally in EMF and mechanical force alike.

The universal mechanism of singular vortex is the foundation that has comprehensively unified the four fundamental forces of nature; gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force. See the grand unification theory.

The Universal Vortical Singularity model has comprehensively shown it can fundamentally amalgamate geophysics, meteorology and oceanology of Earth science.

Conjecturably, based on similarity of the geometrical structure of an atom, the atmospheric layers are also plasmatic shells of equipotential surface, and atmospheric pauses are the repulsive barriers of viscous mass between adjoining atmospheric layers. Atmospheric pressure follows inverse-square law, and so are the atmospherics layers, these suggest an EMF nature. Clouds on different cloud levels are levitated on plasmatic surface of atmospheric layers by electrostatic repulsion. Magnetosphere at the outermost plasmatic shells has strong electrical repulsion force that can repel oncoming solar wind in a stream of charged particles. See the geometrical structure of magnetospheres.

Atmospheric layers

Solar wind on magnetosphere of Earth

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that atmospheric layers are plasmatic spheroids of condensed viscous matter electrically charged to different electrical energy levels.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that atmospheric pause layers are the repulsive barriers of viscous mass between adjoining atmospheric layers.
Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that clouds are levitated on plasmatic surface of atmospheric layers by electrostatic repulsion.

"All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree." - Albert Einstein

Cyclonical Gravity Field effect caused by the rotating Earth, is a fundamental EMF dynamics as the driving mechanism could also potentially explain formation of crystalline structure such as snowflake crystal and naturally formed crystals. The tetrahedra molecular structure of water molecule cluster is subjected to cyclonical gravity field effect of Earth's rotation are consolidated by EMF polar vortices in a descending process and the flattened hexagonal structure in a complex lattice form is the most efficient shape formed by the EMF interactions. The number of electrons in the electron shells (expressed in 2n² ) of an atom follows the inverse-square law of EMF, also, cohesion and covalent bond in chemistry are the interactions of strong and weak nuclear force of EMF vortices at atomic level, comprehensible in geometrical structure of an atom; research into these area could potentially amalgamates classical physics and chemistry. See a link on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

"All theoretical chemistry is really physics; and all theoretical chemists know it." - Galileo Galilei

Vortical dynamics of EMF also seems potentially capable of explaining the force dynamics for capillary action in plants, as well as the asymmetric of biological patterns of living organism, and cytokinesis dynamics in splitting nuclei of a dividing cell. All steady state forms as physical structures are held stable by EMF vortical forces of different wavelength, research into this area could potentially amalgamates physics and biology.

Universal Vortical Singularity predicts that all steady state forms with physical structures are held stable by self-perpetuating EMF vortical forces of different wavelengths.

Cyclonical Gravity Field Effect	Cytokinesis of a dividing cell
Inferred atomic model Sodium electron shell model
Snowflake crystal Boron nitride nanotubes
Sunflower Calcite crystal in an organism

See an external link on solar system formation for the dynamics of planetary nebula on forming into a star with orbiting planets. See also a AOL video on structure of the atom: The Bohr Model.

Another natural electromagnetic vortex is lightning, those lightning strokes seems to be striking from sky to ground is now scientifically known to be striking from ground to sky.

Fathoming the subatomic particles based on Universal Vortical Singularity

Dust Devil

The quark structure of the proton

The quark structure of the neutron

Take a top view of the dust devil, the upward spiraling vortical column resembles the quark structure of a proton, the bottom of the clear air vortex column in the middle resembles the down quark, and the dual core of the upward spiraling vortical column separated towards the top resembles the two up quarks at opposite angular phase. These three vortical interactions all spinning in the same direction and exerting positive vortical push forces positively charging dust particles within it are held together by its strong nuclear force.

The downward spiraling clear air vortex resembles the quark structure of the neutron. The bottom section of the clear air vortex has an inverted funnel shape is probably as a result of the centrifugal force interaction aided by the upward spiral stream in its vortical column on gradual pressure gradient following inverse-square law. This section has the vortex column elongated as a dual-core towards the bottom, resembles the two down quarks in opposite angular phases. The up quark is likened to the top of this bottom section of a clear air vortex, the subatomic EMF vortexes held all these quarks vortically spinning in the same direction in the vortex column by its strong nuclear force. The vortical interactions within the void of vortex column is without presence of any particle, with no particle for vortical interaction, the neutron therefore has no net electric charge.

Those six types of quarks could be the vortical interactions of EM subatomic vortex at different sections with varying angular phase that have different properties. A quark is likened to an electron that is a vortex of vortexes, and its antiquark is likened to vortical positron, is the reversed vortical culmination of a EMF subatomic vortex that its force dynamics are inversely proportional to the EMF dynamics of a corresponding quark. A dual core EMF polar vortex pair would have twelve types of vortical interactions in the vortex columns of a proton vortex, at a polar region there are three quarks of particles and three quarks of its antiparticles, at the other polar region, there are opposite balancing vortical interactions of subatomic particles as another three quarks of particles and three quarks of its antiparticles. These twelve types of vortical EMF interactions could be the twelve types of quarks with different properties that experience the strong interaction by the vortex columns of a proton EMF polar vortexes pair. The six quarks particles from two polar regions could be consolidated by gluon as three pairs of quarks by the proton EMF polar vortexes pair.

Aurora on polar vortexes

While quarks are subatomic particles interactions that experience the strong interaction of the subatomic EMF vortex columns, leptons fundamentally are the EMF interactions of subatomic particles on different accretion discs in their respective subatomic EMF vortices; leptons are subatomic particles that do not experience the strong interaction. Corresponding to the twelve types of quarks with different properties in EMF vortical interactions by vortex columns of a nucleon EMF polar vortexes pair, it comprehensively relates the twelve types of leptons are the twelve EMF interactions in accretion discs respective to the twelve different subatomic EMF vortices that form the EMF polar vortexes pair of a nucleon.

Gluon should be the overall EMF vortical interactions of the atomic polar vortexes pair that binds nucleons of protons and neutrons together by the strong interaction of nuclear force in the EMF vortexes column of an atomic nuclei. This could be the reason that gluon has one integer spin by having integrated two opposite poles of a nuclei with fermions of half-integer spin to become an integer spin. Based on the model of Universal Vortical Singularity, it could be understood geometrically that any fermion at one half-side of an atom would be considered as vortically rotating in a half-integer spin; it represents a non-classical kind of angular momentum intrinsic to a body in a half side of the spheroid.

Note: The above conjectures for force interactions of subatomic particles are merely speculations based on Universal Vortical Singularity.

March 2008

* The above revolutionary discoveries and conjectures based on an unheard-of hypothesis of Universal Vortical Singularity with radical ideas are unconventional and at fundamental stage that are bound to have shortcomings and loose ends, many details and assumptions have yet to be further researched, probed, evaluated, validated and proven. Any term or statement if offensive in any manner or whatsoever is most regretted.

Ref:
Tiny Bits Part I on Gravity - James Aaron Nicholson
Inverse-square law - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Inverse-square laws - Jim Loy
Electrical repulsion - Hyper Physics
Centripetal force and its calculator - HyperPhysics
Bose-Einstein condensate - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vortex precession in Bose-Einstein condensates - Citebase
Electron Ring Vortex Model - Tellus Astroscience Institute (TASI)
Magnetohydrodynamics - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plasma cosmology - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Precession - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Grand unifcation theory - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Weak nuclear force - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electroweak interaction - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Strong interaction - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Accretion disk - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Einstein's Geometric Gravity - Einstein online
Newton's law of universal gravitation - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tesla's Dynamic Theory of Gravity - PESWiki.com
The mechanical explanations of gravitation - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vortex dynamics - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Einstein's General Relativity - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Solar system formation - aerospaceweb.org
Kuiper belt - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scattered disc - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oort cloud - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electron shell - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electrons - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Positron - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plasmoids - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electron cloud - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electron magnetic dipole moment - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Streamlines - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spin (physics) - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Atomic orbital - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bohr model for atomic structure - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rutherford model for atomic structure - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Einstein's photoelectric effect - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electrostatic levitation - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Solar system formation - aerospaceweb.org
Magnetosphere - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tetrahedra molecular structure of water moelcule cluster - Martin Chaplin BSc PhD CChem FRSC
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cytokinesis - Freethought Forum
Cohesion (Chemistry) - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Covalent bond - The Chemical Heritage Foundation
Atomic models animation - McDougal Littell
Proton - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neutron - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quarks - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lepton - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gluon - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nucleons - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fermions - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Images of galaxy cluster - NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee and H. Ford (JHU)
Image of Dusk Devil - www.flatrock.org.nz
Video clip for Torofluxus - FunPikes.com
Image for Torofluxus - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Image of inverse-square law - www.acousticalsurfaces.com
Images of Planetary nebula - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Image of atmospheric layers - Eastern Illinois University
Image of jet stream - NASA
Image of Boron nitride nanotubes and Calcite crystal in organism - DCMP
Image of snowflake crystal - GraniteGeek
Image of sunflower - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Image of aurora on polar vortexes - NASA